Abstract
Landslide-generated tsunamis are a relevant source of hazard for coastal areas. In this paper, the preliminary modelling results of tsunamis generated by deformable landslides by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods, in OpenFOAM, is presented. The numerical approach presented here consists in modelling the granular material by using a Coulomb viscoplastic rheology. This numerical model is applied to reproduce three literature benchmark cases (2D submerged, 2D and 3D subaerial, respectively). Some preliminary qualitative and quantitative numerical results, compared to the experimental ones, are presented in the paper.References
S. Abadie, D. Morichon, S. Grilli, and S. Glockner. Numerical simulation of waves generated by
landslides using a multiple-fluid Navier–Stokes model. Coastal Engineering, 57(9):779–794, 2010.
S. Abadie, J. Harris, S. Grilli, and R. Fabre. Numerical modeling of tsunami waves generated by
the flank collapse of the Cumbre Vieja Volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands): tsunami source
and near field effects. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 117(C5), 2012.
S. Abadie, A. Paris, R. Ata, S. Le Roy, G. Arnaud, A. Poupardin, L. Clous, P. Heinrich, J. Harris,
R. Pedreros, et al. La palma landslide tsunami: computation of the tsunami source with a
calibrated multi-fluid navier-stokes model and wave impact assessment with propagation models
of different types. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, pages 1–50, 2019.
G. Bellotti and A. Romano. Wavenumber-frequency analysis of landslide-generated tsunamis at a
conical island. Part II: EOF and modal analysis. Coastal Engineering, 128:84–91, 2017.
G. Bellotti, C. Cecioni, and P. De Girolamo. Simulation of small-amplitude frequency-dispersive
transient waves by means of the mild-slope equation. Coastal Engineering, 55(6):447–458, 2008.
J. U. Brackbill, D. B. Kothe, and C. Zemach. A continuum method for modeling surface tension.
Journal of Computational Physics, 100(2):335–354, 1992.
C. Cecioni, A. Romano, G. Bellotti, M. Di Risio, and P. De Girolamo. Real-time inversion of
tsunamis generated by landslides. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences, 11(9), 2011.
F. Chen, V. Heller, and R. Briganti. Numerical modelling of tsunamis generated by iceberg calving
validated with large-scale laboratory experiments. Advances in Water Resources, 142:103647,
ISSN 0309-1708.
L. Clous and S. Abadie. Simulation of energy transfers in waves generated by granular slides.
Landslides, pages 1–17, 2019.
P. De Girolamo, M. Di Risio, A. Romano, and M. Molfetta. Landslide tsunami: physical modeling
for the implementation of tsunami early warning systems in the mediterranean sea. Procedia
Engineering, 70:429–438, 2014.
M. del Jesus, J. L. Lara, and I. J. Losada. Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous
coastal structures: Part I: Numerical model formulation. Coastal Engineering, 64:57–72, 2012.
M. Di Risio, G. Bellotti, A. Panizzo, and P. De Girolamo. Three-dimensional experiments on
landslide generated waves at a sloping coast. Coastal Engineering, 56(5-6):659–671, MAY-JUN
a. ISSN 0378-3839. doi: {10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.01.009}.
M. Di Risio, P. De Girolamo, G. Bellotti, A. Panizzo, F. Aristodemo, M. G. Molfetta, and A. F.
Petrillo. Landslide-generated tsunamis runup at the coast of a conical island: New physical model
experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 114, JAN 20 2009b. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:
{10.1029/2008JC004858}.
B. Domnik and S. P. Pudasaini. Full two-dimensional rapid chute flows of simple viscoplastic granular
materials with a pressure-dependent dynamic slip-velocity and their numerical simulations.
Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 173:72–86, 2012.
F. Enet and S. T. Grilli. Experimental study of tsunami generation by three-dimensional rigid
underwater landslides. Journal Of Waterway Port Coastal And Ocean Engineering-ASCE, 133
(6):442–454, NOV-DEC 2007. ISSN 0733-950X. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:
(442).
F. Engelund. On the laminar and turbulent flows of ground water through homogeneous sand.
Transactions of the Danish: Academy of Technical Sciences, (3):356–361, 1953.
A. Franci, M. Cremonesi, U. Perego, G. Crosta, and E. Oñate. 3d simulation of vajont disaster.
part 1: Numerical formulation and validation. Engineering Geology, 279:105854, 2020.
H. M. Fritz, F. Mohammed, and J. Yoo. Lituya Bay landslide impact generated mega-tsunami
th anniversary. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 166(1-2):153–175, 2009.
S. T. Grilli, O.-D. S. Taylor, C. D. Baxter, and S. Maretzki. A probabilistic approach for determining
submarine landslide tsunami hazard along the upper east coast of the united states. Marine
Geology, 264(1-2):74–97, 2009.
S. T. Grilli, M. Shelby, O. Kimmoun, G. Dupont, D. Nicolsky, G. Ma, J. T. Kirby, and F. Shi. Modeling
coastal tsunami hazard from submarine mass failures: effect of slide rheology, experimental
validation, and case studies off the us east coast. Natural Hazards, 86(1):353–391, 2017.
S. T. Grilli, D. R. Tappin, S. Carey, S. F. Watt, S. N. Ward, A. R. Grilli, S. L. Engwell, C. Zhang,
J. T. Kirby, L. Schambach, and M. Muslim. Modelling of the tsunami from the December
, 2018 lateral collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Straits, Indonesia. Scientific
Reports, 9, 2019.
V. Heller and W. H. Hager. Impulse product parameter in landslide generated impulse waves.
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 136(3):145–155, 2010.
V. Heller and J. Spinneken. On the effect of the water body geometry on landslide–tsunamis:
Physical insight from laboratory tests and 2D to 3D wave parameter transformation. Coast.
Eng., 104:113–134, 2015.
V. Heller, M. Bruggemann, J. Spinneken, and B. D. Rogers. Composite modelling of subaerial
landslide–tsunamis in different water body geometries and novel insight into slide and wave
kinematics. Coastal Engineering, 109:20–41, 2016.
P. Higuera, J. L. Lara, and I. J. Losada. Realistic wave generation and active wave absorption for
Navier–Stokes models: Application to OpenFOAM®. Coastal Engineering, 71:102–118, 2013a.
P. Higuera, J. L. Lara, and I. J. Losada. Simulating coastal engineering processes with
OpenFOAM®. Coastal Engineering, 71:119–134, 2013b.
P. Higuera, J. L. Lara, and I. J. Losada. Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous
coastal structures using OpenFOAM®. Part I: formulation and validation. Coastal Engineering,
:243–258, 2014a.
P. Higuera, J. L. Lara, and I. J. Losada. Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous coastal
structures using OpenFOAM®. Part II: Application. Coastal Engineering, 83:259–270, 2014b.
H. Jasak. Error analysis and estimation for the finite volume method with applications to fluid
flows. (Ph.D thesis) Imperial College London (University of London), 1996.
G.-B. Kim, W. Cheng, R. C. Sunny, J. J. Horrillo, B. C. McFall, F. Mohammed, H. M. Fritz,
J. Beget, and Z. Kowalik. Three dimensional landslide generated tsunamis: Numerical and
physical model comparisons. Landslides, pages 1–17, 2019a.
J. Kim, F. Løvholt, D. Issler, and C. F. Forsberg. Landslide material control on tsunami genesis—
the Storegga slide and tsunami (8,100 years bp). Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans,
b.
J. T. Kirby, S. T. Grilli, J. Horrillo, P. L.-F. Liu, D. Nicolsky, S. Abadie, B. Ataie-Ashtiani, M. J.
Castro, L. Clous, C. Escalante, et al. Validation and inter-comparison of models for landslide
tsunami generation. Ocean Modelling, 170:101943, 2022.
J. L. Lara, I. J. Losada, M. Maza, and R. Guanche. Breaking solitary wave evolution over a porous
underwater step. Coastal Engineering, 58(9):837–850, 2011.
J. L. Lara, M. del Jesus, and I. J. Losada. Three-dimensional interaction of waves and porous
coastal structures: Part II: Experimental validation. Coastal Engineering, 64:26–46, 2012.
B. E. Larsen and D. R. Fuhrman. On the over-production of turbulence beneath surface waves in
reynolds-averaged navier–stokes models. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 853:419–460, 2018.
C.-H. Lee and Z. Huang. Effects of grain size on subaerial granular landslides and resulting impulse
waves: experiment and multi-phase flow simulation. Landslides, 19(1):137–153, 2022.
E. K. Lindstrøm. Waves generated by subaerial slides with various porosities. Coastal Engineering,
:170–179, 2016.
P.-F. Liu, T.-R. Wu, F. Raichlen, C. Synolakis, and J. Borrero. Runup and rundown generated by
three-dimensional sliding masses. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 536:107–144, 2005.
I. J. Losada, J. L. Lara, and M. del Jesus. Modeling the interaction of water waves with
porous coastal structures. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 142
(6):03116003, 2016. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000361.
F. Løvholt, C. B. Harbitz, and K. B. Haugen. A parametric study of tsunamis generated by
submarine slides in the Ormen Lange/Storegga area off western Norway. In Ormen Lange–an
Integrated Study for Safe Field Development in the Storegga Submarine Area, pages 219–231.
Elsevier, 2005.
F. Løvholt, G. Pedersen, C. B. Harbitz, S. Glimsdal, and J. Kim. On the characteristics of
landslide tsunamis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical
and Engineering Sciences, 373(2053):20140376, 2015.
P. Lynett and P. L. F. Liu. A numerical study of the run-up generated by three-dimensional
landslides. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 110(C3), MAR 8 2005. ISSN 0148-0227.
doi: {10.1029/2004JC002443}.
G. Ma, J. T. Kirby, T.-J. Hsu, and F. Shi. A two-layer granular landslide model for tsunami wave
generation: Theory and computation. Ocean Modelling, 93:40–55, 2015.
H. Marschall, K. Hinterberger, C. Schüler, F. Habla, and O. Hinrichsen. Numerical simulation
of species transfer across fluid interfaces in free-surface flows using OpenFOAM. Chemical
Engineering Science, 78:111–127, 2012.
B. C. McFall and H. M. Fritz. Physical modelling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional
deformable granular landslides on planar and conical island slopes. Proceedings of the Royal Society
of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 472–2188:20160052,
F. Mohammed and H. M. Fritz. Physical modeling of tsunamis generated by three-dimensional
deformable granular landslides. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (1978–2012), 117
(C11), 2012.
F. Montagna, G. Bellotti, and M. Di Risio. 3D numerical modeling of landslide-generated tsunamis
around a conical island. Natural Hazards, 58(1):591–608, 2011.
R. P. Mulligan, A. Franci, M. A. Celigueta, and W. A. Take. Simulations of landslide wave
generation and propagation using the particle finite element method. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Oceans, 125(6):e2019JC015873, 2020. doi: 10.1029/2019JC015873.
A. Panizzo, P. De Girolamo, M. Di Risio, A. Maistri, and A. Petaccia. Great landslide events in
italian artificial reservoirs. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 5(5):733–740, 2005. doi:
5194/nhess-5-733-2005.
A. Paris, P. Heinrich, and S. Abadie. Landslide tsunamis: Comparison between depth-averaged and
navier-stokes models. Coastal Engineering, 170:104022, 2021. ISSN 0378-3839. doi: https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.104022. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0378383921001678.
M. Rauter, L. Hoße, R. Mulligan, W. Take, and F. Løvholt. Numerical simulation of impulse wave
generation by idealized landslides with openfoam. Coastal Engineering, 165:103815, 2021. ISSN
-3839.
M. Rauter, S. Viroulet, S. S. Gylfadóttir, W. Fellin, and F. Løvholt. Granular porous landslide
tsunami modelling–the 2014 lake askja flank collapse. Nature communications, 13(1):1–13, 2022.
A. Romano, G. Bellotti, and M. Di Risio. Wavenumber–frequency analysis of the landslidegenerated
tsunamis at a conical island. Coastal Engineering, 81:32–43, 2013.
A. Romano, M. Di Risio, G. Bellotti, M. Molfetta, L. Damiani, and P. De Girolamo. Tsunamis
generated by landslides at the coast of conical islands: experimental benchmark dataset for
mathematical model validation. Landslides, 13(6):1379–1393, 2016.
A. Romano, M. Di Risio, M. G. Molfetta, G. Bellotti, D. Pasquali, P. Sammarco, L. Damiani,
and P. De Girolamo. 3D physical modeling of tsunamis generated by submerged landslides at a
conical island: The role of initial acceleration. Coastal Engineering Proceedings, 1(35):14, 2017.
A. Romano, J. L. Lara, G. Barajas, B. Di Paolo, G. Bellotti, M. Di Risio, I. J. Losada, and
P. De Girolamo. Tsunamis generated by submerged landslides: Numerical analysis of the nearfield
wave characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 125(7):e2020JC016157,
G. Ruffini, V. Heller, and R. Briganti. Numerical modelling of landslide-tsunami propagation in a
wide range of idealised water body geometries. Coastal Engineering, page 103518, 2019.
C. Shi, Y. An, Q. Wu, Q. Liu, and Z. Cao. Numerical simulation of landslide-generated waves using
a soil–water coupling smoothed particle hydrodynamics model. Advances in Water Resources,
:130–141, 2016.
P. Si, H. Shi, and X. Yu. A general numerical model for surface waves generated by granular
material intruding into a water body. Coastal Engineering, 142:42–51, 2018.
T. Takabatake, D. C. Han, J. J. Valdez, N. Inagaki, M. Mäll, M. Esteban, and T. Shibayama.
Three-dimensional physical modeling of tsunamis generated by partially submerged landslides.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 127(1):e2021JC017826, 2022.
M. R. A. Van Gent. Wave interaction with permeable coastal structures. (Ph.D thesis) Delft
University, 1995.
S. Viroulet, A. Sauret, and O. Kimmoun. Tsunami generated by a granular collapse down a rough
inclined plane. EPL (Europhysics Letters), 105(3):34004, 2014.
A. von Boetticher, J. M. Turowski, B. W. McArdell, D. Rickenmann, and J. W. Kirchner.
Debrisintermixing-2.3: a finite volume solver for three-dimensional debris-flow simulations with
two calibration parameters–part 1: Model description. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(9):
–2923, 2016.
P. Watts. Wavemaker curves for tsunamis generated by underwater landslides. Journal of Waterway,
Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 124(3):127–137, 1998. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)
-950X(1998)124:3(127).
P. Watts, S. Grilli, J. Kirby, G. Fryer, and D. Tappin. Landslide tsunami case studies using a
Boussinesq model and a fully nonlinear tsunami generation model. Natural Hazards And Earth
System Sciences, 3(5):391–402, 2003.
H. G. Weller. A new approach to vof-based interface capturing methods for incompressible and
compressible flow. OpenCFD Ltd., Report TR/HGW, 4, 2008.
C. Whittaker, R. Nokes, H.-Y. Lo, P.-F. Liu, and M. Davidson. Physical and numerical modelling
of tsunami generation by a moving obstacle at the bottom boundary. Environmental Fluid
Mechanics, 17(5):929–958, 2017.
G. Zitti, C. Ancey, M. Postacchini, and M. Brocchini. Impulse waves generated by snow avalanches:
momentum and energy transfer to a water body. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface,
(12):2399–2423, 2016.
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 A Romano, J Lara, G Barajas, IJ Losada