Abstract
The measurements of wave kinematics over the breakwater heads under uni and multidirectional waves attack were undertaken to achieve an improved understanding of the influence of wave directionality on the stability of heads. The characteristics of the magnitudes and directions of velocity vectors under 3D waves were assessed by comparing with those measured under 2D waves. The sensitive zones of the initial damage in the head sections were evaluated by linking the measurements of velocity components with a stability formula for armour stones on the heads, which was derived in this study.
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