Supplementary Files
How to Cite
Abstract
Wave overtopping is a key process in coastal protection. The assessment of the wave overtopping rates is an important aspect in the design of coastal structures. In this paper, the focus is on steep low-crested structures, which include structures with steep slopes up to the limit case with vertical structures, with small relative freeboards up to the case with zero freeboards. This type of structures is of use for coastal protection in the case of sea level rise within climate change process and for overtopping wave energy converters. A literature review of the overtopping knowledge available for steep low-crested structures is carried out, identifying a knowledge gap. To fill this knowledge gap, 2D hydraulic model tests were performed at the wave flume of the Department of Civil Engineering at Ghent University, measuring wave conditions and the overtopping performance. Average and individual wave overtopping were analysed and compared to existing prediction formulae. Inaccuracies in the existing prediction formulae are detected and studied, and enhanced prediction formulae are presented for the average overtopping and the probability distribution of the individual overtopping volumes. The new prediction formulae improve the accuracy of wave overtopping volumes for steep low-crested structures range while maintaining the accuracy for other types of structures. The improved understanding of the overtopping behaviour allows a safer design of coastal structures.References
De Rouck, J., Verhaeghe, H., & Geeraerts, J. (2009). Crest level assessment of coastal structures - General overview. Coastal Engineering, 56(2), 99-107. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.03.014
EurOtop. (2007). Wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures: assessment manual. Pullen, T., Allsop, W., Bruce, T., Kortenhaus, A., Schuttrumpf, H., Van der Meer, J. W. Hamburg, Germany: Kuratorium fur Forschung im Kusteningenieurwesen.
EurOtop. (2016). Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures. Van der Meer, J. W., Allsop, W., Bruce, T., De Rouck, J., Kortenhaus, A., Pullen, T., Schuttrumpf, H., Troch, P., Zanuttigh, B.,. Retrieved from www.overtopping-manual.com
Franco, L., de Gerloni, M., & Van der Meer, J. W. (1994). Wave overtopping on vertical and composite breakwaters. In ASCE (Ed.), Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (pp. 1030-1045). New York, USA. http://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v24.
Gallach-Sánchez, D., Illegems, M., Willems, Y., Troch, P., & Kortenhaus, A. (2016). Experimental study of average overtopping performance on steep low-crested structures for shallow water conditions. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on the Application of Physical Modelling in Coastal and Port Engineering and Science (Coastlab16). Ottawa, Canada.
Gallach-Sánchez, D., Platteeuw, J., Troch, P., & Kortenhaus, A. (2015). Individual overtopping volumes for steep low-crested structures. In L. Wallendorf & D. T. Cox (Eds.), Proceedings of the Coastal Structures & Solutions to Coastal Disasters Joint Conference 2015 (pp. 699-709). Boston, USA: ASCE. http://doi.org/doi.org/10.1061/9780784480304.074
Gallach-Sánchez, D., Platteeuw, J., Troch, P., & Kortenhaus, A. (2015). Individual Overtopping Volumes for Steep Low-Crested Structures. In Coastal Structures and Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2015: Resilient Coastal Communities - Proceedings of the Coastal Structures and Solutions to Coastal Disasters Joint Conference 2015. http://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480304.074
Gallach-Sánchez, D., Troch, P., & Kortenhaus, A. (2018). A Critical Analysis and Validation of the Accuracy of Wave Overtopping Prediction Formulae for OWECs. Energies, 11(1), number 133. http://doi.org/10.3390/en11010133
Gallach-Sánchez, D., Troch, P., Vroman, T., Pintelon, L., & Kortenhaus, A. (2014). Experimental study of overtopping performance of steep smooth slopes for shallow water wave conditions. In Proceedings of the 5th Conference on the Application of Physical Modelling to Port and Coastal Protection (Coastlab14) (pp. 334-343). Varna, Bulgaria.
Hughes, S. a., & Nadal, N. C. (2009). Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee. Coastal Engineering, 56(3), 244-259. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.09.005
Hughes, S. A., Thornton, C. I., Van der Meer, J. W., & Scholl, B. (2012). Improvements in Describing Wave Overtopping Processes. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Coastal Engineering (pp. 1-15). Santander, Spain. http://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.35
Klopman, G., & Van der Meer, J. W. (1999). Random wave measurements in front of reflective structures. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 125(1), 39-45.
Mansard, E. P. D., & Funke, E. R. (1980). The Measurement of Incident and Reflected Spectra Using a least Squares Method. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE 1980) (pp. 154-172). Sidney, Australia. http://doi.org/10.1061/9780872622647.008
Nørgaard, J. Q. H., Lykke Andersen, T., & Burcharth, H. F. (2014). Distribution of individual wave overtopping volumes in shallow water wave conditions. Coastal Engineering, 83, 15-23. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.09.003
Van der Meer, J., & Bruce, T. (2014). New Physical Insights and Design Formulas on Wave Overtopping at Sloping and Vertical Structures. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 140(6), 04014025. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000221
Van der Meer, J., & Bruce, T. (2014). New Physical Insights and Design Formulas on Wave Overtopping at Sloping and Vertical Structures. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 140(6), 04014025. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000221.
Van der Meer, J. W., Bruce, T., Allsop, W., Franco, L., Kortenhaus, A., Pullen, T., & Schuttrumpf, H. (2013). EurOtop revisited. Part 1 : sloping structures. In Proceedings of the ICE, Coasts, Marine Structures and Breakwaters (Vol. 1).
Van der Meer, J. W., & Janssen, J. P. F. M. (1994). Wave run-up and wave overtopping at dikes and revetments. Delft, The Netherlands.
Van der Meer, J. W., & Janssen, W. (1995). Wave run-up and wave overtopping at dikes. In Kabayashi & Demirbilek (Eds.), Wave Forces on inclined and vertical wall structures. ASCE.
Verhaeghe, H., De Rouck, J., & Van der Meer, J. W. (2008). Combined classifier-quantifier model: A 2-phases neural model for prediction of wave overtopping at coastal structures. Coastal Engineering, 55(5), 357-374. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2007.12.002
Victor, L. (2012). Optimization of the Hydrodynamic Performance of Overtopping Wave Energy Converters: Experimental Study of Optimal Geometry and Probability Distribution of Overtopping Volumes. Ghent University.
Victor, L., & Troch, P. (2010). Development of a test set-up to measure large wave-by-wave overtopping masses. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Applications of Physical Modelling to Port and Coastal Protection (Coastlab10) (pp. 1-9). Barcelona, Spain.
Victor, L., & Troch, P. (2012). Wave Overtopping at Smooth Impermeable Steep Slopes with Low Crest Freeboards. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 138(5), 372-385. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000141.
Victor, L., Van der Meer, J. W., & Troch, P. (2012). Probability distribution of individual wave overtopping volumes for smooth impermeable steep slopes with low crest freeboards. Coastal Engineering, 64, 87-101. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.003