Abstract
To develop a stability formula for Tetrapods armoring rubble mound breakwaters, sixty hydraulic model tests have been conducted for various wave conditions and slope angles of breakwaters. The test results are used, along with the data of previous researchers, to develop a new stability formula. The developed formula is proven to be applicable to breakwaters with various slope angles with reasonable accuracy. It is also shown to be applicable to low-crested breakwaters and different packing densities, if the corresponding terms are incorporated in the formula. The uncertainty of the proposed formula is also given.References
De Jong, R.J., 1996. Wave transmission at low-crested structure, Stability of Tetrapods at front, crest and rear of a low-crested breakwater. Master thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
Goda, Y., 2000. Random seas and design of maritime structures. 2nd Ed., World Scientific, Singapore, xi+443pp.
Hanzawa, M., H. Sato, S. Takahashi, K. Shimosako, T. Takayama, K. Tanimoto, 1996. New stability formula for wave-dissipating concrete blocks covering horizontally composite breakwaters. Proc. 25th Int. Conf. Coastal Eng., ASCE, 1665-1678.
Hudson, R.Y., 1959. Laboratory investigation of rubble-mound breakwaters. J. Waterways and Harbors Div. 85(WW3): 93-121.
Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, 2001. Development of technology for the optimum design of rubble-mound breakwater (I) (in Korean).
Suh, K.D., W.S. Park, B.S. Park, 2001. Separation of incident and reflected waves in wave-current flumes. Coastal Eng. 43: 149-159.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(01)00011-4
U.S. Army Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1984. Shore protection manual, 4th Ed., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., USA.
Van der Meer, J.W., 1987a. Stability of breakwater armor layersâˆ'Design formulae. Coastal Eng. 11: 219-239.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(87)90013-5
Van der Meer, J.W., 1987b. Stability of rubble mound breakwaters, Stability formula for breakwaters armoured with Tetrapods. Report on Basic Research, H462 Volume II, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory.
Van der Meer, J.W., 1988. Stability of cubes, tetrapods and accropode. In: Design of breakwaters, Thomas Telford, London, 71-80.
Willmott, C.J., 1981. On the validation of models. Phys. Geography 2: 184-194.